Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Systems

Quiz

While studying Artificial Intelligence, you need to know what intelligence is. This chapter covers the idea of intelligence, its types, and components.

What is Intelligence?

Intelligence is the ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

What are Intelligent Systems?

Intelligent System is AI technology that consists of the capability to gather data, process it, and make decisions or perform actions based on that data. In precise, intelligent systems help in replicating human tasks like learning from experiences, understanding concepts, solving problems and making decisions.

Some of the characteristics of intelligent systems include −

Autonomy: Many intelligent systems can operate independently or with minimum or no human intervention, making decisions based on learned experiences and programming.
Learning Capability: These intelligent systems can improve themselves through time, by adapting new data and learning from feedback.
Data Processing: Intelligent systems can handle large volumes of data to identify patterns and gain insights for making informed decisions, often using algorithms.
Reasoning and Problem Solving: Intelligent systems can perform complex reasoning tasks, analyze scenarios, and offer solutions to specific problems.
Human Interaction: Many intelligent systems are designed to interact with humans, through chatbots, voice assistants and robots.

Types of Intelligence

As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, following are the type of intelligence −

Intelligence	Description	Example
Linguistic intelligence	The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning).	Narrators, Orators
Musical intelligence	The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings made of sound, understanding of pitch, rhythm.	Musicians, Singers, Composers
Logical-mathematical intelligence	The ability to use and understand relationships in the absence of action or objects. Understanding complex and abstract ideas.	Mathematicians, Scientists
Spatial intelligence	The ability to perceive visual or spatial information and re-creating visual images without reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and to move and rotate them.	Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence	The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion products, control over fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects.	Players, Dancers
Intra-personal intelligence	The ability to distinguish among ones own feelings, intentions, and motivations.	Gautam Buddhha
Interpersonal intelligence	The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other peoples feelings, beliefs, and intentions.	Mass Communicators, Interviewers

You can say a machine or a system artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least one and at most all intelligence in it.

Components of Intelligence

The components of intelligence collectively define and influence the capabilities and performance of replicating human intelligence. The core components of intelligence are −

Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making decisions, and prediction.
Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practising, being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study. The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.
Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles. Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.
Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
Linguistic Intelligence − It is ones ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Difference Between Human and Machine Intelligence

While both machine and human intelligence can learn from experiences, solve complex problems, make decisions, process and interpret the information. There are certain difference between machine and human intelligence which are tabulated below −

Aspect	Machine Intelligence	Human Intelligence
Nature	Machine intelligence seeks to build machines that can mimic human behavior and carry out human-like tasks.	Human intelligence seeks to adapt to new situations by combining a variety of cognitive processes.
Adaptability	Limited to specific tasks.	Highly adaptable across various domains.
Functionality	AI-powered machines rely on input of data and instructions.	Humans use their brains' memory, processing power, and cognitive ability.
Pace	As compared to people, computers can handle more data in speedier rate.	In terms of speed of processing, humans cannot beat the speed of AI or machines.
Reasoning	Follows predefined algorithms and rules, additionally lacks emotions and empathy.	Capable of thinking and creativity, possesses emotions, empathy, and intuition.
Social Interaction	Limited social interaction, follows protocols.	Rich social skills and interpersonal abilities.
Understanding	Lacks true understanding and operates on patterns.	Deep understanding, can grasp nuances and context.

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